17 September 1991- Linus Torvalds
Initial release date: 17 September 1991
Programming languages: C, Assembly language
Linux’. The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices
LINUX MINT
MANJARO
DEBIAN
UBUNTU
ANTERGOS
SOLUS
FEDORA
ELEMENTARY OS
OPENSUSE
Structure
1.system library for Linux is Glibc (GNU C library).
Root Files
1./bin — Essential User Binaries(program)
2. /boot — Static Boot Files( kernel store)
3. /dev — Device Files
4./etc — Configuration Files
5. /home — Home Folders
6. /lib — Essential Shared Libraries
7. /lost+found — Recovered Files
8./media — Removable Media
9. /mnt — Temporary Mount Points
10./opt — Optional Packages
11./srv — Service Data
12./sbin — System Administration Binaries
Commands
1. zip --command to compress your files
2.pwd --path of the current working directory
3.CD - Change Directory
4. ls view the contents of a directory
- ls -R will list all the files in the sub-directories as well
- ls -a will show the hidden files
- ls -al will list the files and directories with detailed information like the permissions, size, owner, etc.
instance: cat file.txt.
Here are other ways to use the cat command:
- cat > filename creates a new file
- cat filename1 filename2>filename3 joins two files (1 and 2) and stores the output of them in a new file (3)
- to convert a file to upper or lower case use, cat filename | tr a-z A-Z >output.txt
7.cp command to copy files
8.mv command is to move files, although it can also be used to rename files.
9. mkdir command to make a new directory.
10.delete a directory, use the rmdir
11.touch command allows you to create blank file.
12.locate a file, just like the search command in Windows.( Find)& grep
13.Sudo -SuperUser Do”, this command enables you to perform tasks that require administrative
14.df command to get a report on the system’s disk space usage.(du)
15.head command is used to view the first lines of any text file
16.tail command will display the last ten lines of a text file
17.the diff command compares the contents of two files line by line.
18.tar command is the most used command to archive multiple files (Zip)
19.chmod is another Linux command, used to change the read, write, and execute permissions of files and directories.
20.chown command enables you to change or transfer the ownership of a file to the specified username.
21.jobs command will display all current jobs process along with their statuses.
22.unresponsive program, you can terminate it manually by using the kill
23.ping command to check your connectivity status to a server.
24.download files from the internet with the help of the wget
26.history command is particularly useful if you want to review the commands you’ve entered before.
27.man will show the manual instruction
28.echo Hello, my name is John >> name.txt